Case Study : Non-revenue Water

2. Introduction

• Definition of Non-Revenue Water (NRW)

• Importance of NRW reduction in water resource management

• Background on water supply in Kelantan (e.g., Air Kelantan Sdn Bhd)

• Purpose and scope of the case study

3. Problem Statement

• Current NRW percentage in Kelantan compared to national average

• Consequences of high NRW: financial loss, water scarcity, system inefficiency

• Challenges faced in managing NRW in Kelantan (e.g., aging infrastructure, leak detection, illegal connections)

4. Methodology

• Data collection methods: water audits, flow metering, district metering zones (DMZs)

• Tools and technologies used: pressure loggers, acoustic leak detection, GIS mapping

• Stakeholder engagement: collaboration with state authorities, contractors, or communities

5. Findings and Analysis

• Main causes of NRW in Kelantan (e.g., physical losses from leaks, commercial losses from meter inaccuracies or illegal use)

• Zones or districts with highest losses

• Water loss categorization: real loss vs apparent loss

• Quantitative data (tables/charts of loss % by district, financial impact, etc.)

6. Strategies Implemented

• Pipe replacement/rehabilitation programs

• Installation of DMZs and pressure management systems

• Public awareness and legal enforcement initiatives

• Improvement of billing systems and meter replacement

7. Outcomes and Impact

• Reduction in NRW percentage after interventions

• Improvement in water supply continuity and pressure

• Financial savings and increased billed volume

• Any unintended outcomes or lessons learned

8. Challenges and Limitations

• Technical barriers (e.g., poor documentation of pipe networks)

• Funding constraints

• Resistance from users or local stakeholders

• Long-term sustainability issues

9. Recommendations

• Scalable strategies for other districts or states

• Policy recommendations for state/federal water management

• Integration of digital technologies and smart water networks

• Capacity building and training programs

10. Conclusion

• Summary of key takeaways

• Importance of sustained NRW management for water security in Kelantan

• Call to action or next steps